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Are Flax Seeds Toxic? Pt 1
Written by j.novick
Wednesday, 21 January 2009 00:00
Flax seeds have become very popular in recent years, mostly because they are a rich source of the short chain essential fats, Omega 6 and Omega 3. As a result, flax seeds are now being consumed by many as ground up meal, added into many recipes at home, and even added into many food products on the shelves.
However, some people have raised caution about this, saying flax seeds can be toxic as they contain cadmium and cyanide and may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
Let's take a closer look at flax seeds and these concerns and to begin with, let's clarify a few things.
All foods contain toxic or potentially harmful chemicals. Many of these chemicals occur naturally in food and are part of the plants natural defense system. Bruce Ames has published some articles on this subject, showing just how many toxic chemicals occur naturally in common fruits and veggies.
Ames, B. N., Profet, M. and Gold, L. S. (1990) Dietary Pesticides (99.99% All Natural). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7777-7781
Ames, B. N. (1990) Natural Carcinogens: They're Found in Many Foods. In: Health & Environment Digest, B. Murdock, ed., pp. 4
So, the real issue is not whether or not a food has a toxic chemical in it, but how much of the toxic chemical is in the food and does it exist at a level that can be toxic to humans. As some of you may know, nicotine occurs in many common plant foods that many of us consume regularly (tomato, peppers, eggplant, etc).
N Engl J Med. 1993 Aug 5;329(6):437. The nicotine content of common vegetables.
So, let's first deal with the concern over cadmium.
What is a toxic level of cadmium? http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts5.html#bookmark10 The EPA has determined that exposure to cadmium in drinking water at concentrations of 0.04 ppm for up to 10 days is not expected to cause any adverse effects in a child.
The EPA has determined that lifetime exposure to 0.005 ppm cadmium is not expected to cause any adverse effects.
The FDA has determined that the cadmium concentration in bottled drinking water should not exceed 0.005 ppm.
The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has limited workers' exposure to an average of 5 μg/m3 for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek.
However, food is not really the main issue especially for those following the recommendations here. While low levels are found in all foods the highest levels are found in shellfish, liver, and kidney meats. As with most of these chemicals, eating low on the food chain is important to decreasing exposure to potentially harmful chemicals in the environment.
In addition, while toxicity has occurred from contaminated water getting into the food supply, human exposure to environmental cadmium is primarily the result of the burning of fossil fuels and municipal wastes. Tobacco smoking is the single most important source of cadmium exposure in the general population. On average, smokers have 4-5 times higher blood cadmium concentrations and 2-3 times higher kidney cadmium concentrations than non-smokers.
Cadmium content is also influenced by the soil and studies have shown no significant change (or difference) in blood cadmium levels after supplementing with flaxseed or flaxseed oil. ----
исследования не показали значимого изменения или вообще различия в уровне кадмия в крови после употребления льняного масла или семени ...
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2002) 56, 157-165. DOI: 10.1038/sj/ejcn/1601298 The effect of flaxseed supplementation in processed foods on serum fatty acids and enterolactone
So, as we can see, cadmium in flax seeds is not really a concern.
Next up, cyanide!
http://www.healthscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=521:are-flax-seeds-toxic-pt-1&catid=102:jeff-novicks-blog&Itemid=267